How to get into harvard law

• How to get into harvard law. Category. Program anyone who already holds (or is pursuing) an LL. Nov 7, 2004 · The graduating class size at Harvard College is about 1650 people. + Transcripts. 2 – 1. Nov 23, 2022 · 2. program in the Fall 2019, requirements have changed to include a 1L Constitutional Law course and an Upper-Level International and Comparative Law course. 79. Harvard’s generous need-based financial aid program may supplement or even replace the use of veteran’s benefits toward the total cost of attendance. Class of 2026 82% at least one year out of college 69% two or more years out of college 21% four or more years out of college Academic Percentiles 25th 50th 75th LSAT 171 174 176 GRE Verbal 165 167 169 GRE Quantitative 161 165 168 GRE Writing 5 5. Application Status Application Opens Application Deadline VS/VR Program (Spring 2024) Closed mid-August 2023 September 15, 2023 LL. Resume. 82 or lower. A. 85. Oct 26, 2023 · Please note: There is a $85 application fee to apply to Harvard but you can request an application fee waiver, as discussed here. The truth is, admissions decisions are not based solely on GPA, but it is an important factor that is taken into consideration. (Juris Doctor) at Harvard Law School is a three-year program of study that first gives students the intellectual foundations for legal study and practice, and then gives students the opportunity to focus their studies on areas of particular interest through advanced classes, clinics, and legal writing projects. This put me comfortably in the 99 th percentile in the country, but it was NOT sufficient to get me into Harvard by itself! Because there are roughly 4 million high school students per year, the top 1 percentile still has 40,000 students. Harvard Law School has a checklist so that you can make sure that you remain on track during the application process. 937 Online. Law Law school Humanities & Law University Education Learning and Education. This will give you time to research schools, take the LSAT, and fill out applications. The 2024-2025 Financial Aid Application process is now open for new students admitted into the Class of 2027! It is not yet ready for continuing students. Harvard Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences: $54,032. Among those who were admitted, 94% were in the top 10% of their high school classes. We might ask you to share more about the experiences listed on your resume, or to expand on details from your Written Statements. The way it works is: 1/3th of the class receives “Honors,” the bottom 1/10th receives “Low Pass,” and everyone else in the middle receives “Pass. Completing the Harvard supplement questions. From its inception, Harvard Law School has opened up a world of opportunity for its students. But, I also managed to write a personal statement that said something about who I was and why I wanted to go to law school, a statement that had nothing to do with my terrible intern experience. For a state requiring a minimum score of 80, you need an 80 out of 150 to be considered passing. TOEFL, IELTS, or PTE test results for international students. Digital Application. The application for continuing students will open in late March with a priority deadline of May 2nd. 1 GPA: A Professional Assessment. Students interested in continuing their studies beyond the bachelor's degree might wish to consider one of the 12 Harvard University graduate schools. Oct 7, 2020 · While Harvard is probably out of the question for you, there are ways that you can get into law school with a low GPA . Eligibility: 4-year undergraduate degree or equivalent. The J. Joint Degrees and Special Programs. John F. However, applicants with STEM backgrounds face challenges in an admissions process more geared to graduates in the social sciences and humanities. 82 or under. Jul 29, 2020, 12:45 PM PDT. Welcome to the HLS Financial Aid Application Process! Mar 18, 2024 · The length of your personal statement for Harvard Law School should be no more than two pages, double-spaced. My extracurriculars and awards were what really got me into Harvard. In addition, an applicant’s undergraduate degree must be equivalent to a U. Feb 12, 2024 · Law School Admissions Process. Gaining admission to the top 15 law schools, such as Stanford and Yale, is more challenging, as they have an average acceptance rate of 12. Feb 22, 2021 · By Li-Ming Pan, Communications and External Relations Officer, Harvard Center for African Studies For more than 40 years, disadvantaged South Africans who have shown considerable skill in their chosen fields have studied law, public health, business, and humanities at Harvard University through the fully funded Harvard South Africa Fellowship Program. Once you have laid the foundation, it’s time to focus on creating a compelling application that highlights your unique strengths and experiences. ADMISSIONS CRITERIA “Talent is equally distributed, opportunity is not. Between essays, letters of recommendations, LSAT scores, GPA, school rankings, and scholarships, the process can feel overwhelming before you’ve even begun. 6%. + GMAT/GRE. There’s no lowest GPA but you probably won’t get into Harvard with a 2. If we put those scores in order from lowest to higher, the “middle”, or median, score would be 155. 18 Lacs per year) Annual Average Cost of Attendance after Financial Aid: USD $15,000 – $30,000 (Rs. 1. If you are an Indian student interested in applying to Harvard University, you must go through the admissions procedure. In To be considered for admission to Harvard, you must earn top grades in high school. In a recent admissions cycle, Harvard Law accepted 9. Nov 7, 2018 · In “sparse country” — 20 largely rural states where relatively few apply to Harvard — the university drops the P. Please follow the steps below to request a fee waiver: Confirm that you meet at least one of the indicators of economic How difficult is it to get into Harvard Law? Getting admitted to Harvard law school is definitely an uphill struggle, given the fact that Harvard had a 12. Last winter, we updated our admit decision dates with our full timeline [] Nov 21, 2023 · Getting into Harvard Law is complicated as they are very selective and have strict admission standards. law school or a first law degree (J. 204K Members. But what does it take to be admitted to these prest Sep 22, 2022 · In this post, we’ll set down much of where you need to knowing via how on get into Harvard Law School, including related about the Harvard Law School acceptance rate, and the components von the Harvard Law School applications. The idea of adding a transfer application on top of that seemed fairly ridiculous. ”. For more details on the Upper-Level International and Comparative Law course requirement, see Other Requirements for the J. Eligibility Jun 17, 2023 · Part 1: Introduction to law school admissions. School of Engineering and Applied Sciences: $61,768. , and Visiting Researcher/Visiting Scholar (“VS/VR”) applicants must use the Harvard Law School Graduate Program’s online application available below. Apr 23, 2021 · Harvard University is well-known for being prestigious, having high expectations, and being difficult to get into. Here, you don’t have to do any particular thing, in any particular way. Oct 7, 2020 · Instead, it is notoriously difficult and will require you to plan plenty of time to prepare. Elizabeth Kiefer. If the admissions application fee presents a hardship for you or your family and you plan on applying for financial aid, the fee will be waived. Harvard Law School is rarely able to accept into its LL. Whoever you are, whatever you do, however you do it, Harvard Law School is a place where you can thrive. Make sure you get good grades in your undergraduate studies. Surprising insights about the mindset and motivations of elite law *Beginning with students matriculating into the J. Harvard Law School is highly competitive, and the admissions committee will be looking for applicants who have achieved academic excellence. At HLS, we don’t look alike; we don’t think alike; we don’t come from the same place. The Harvard College Dec 12, 2023 · The Median Law School Acceptance Rate. Mar 14, 2023 · Applying to Harvard University from India. Students in the program earn a JD and a PhD, allowing them to integrate the study of law with their doctoral studies in history. We are committed to making the application process accessible for all students. To all of those who support the mission and excellence of Harvard Law School, we are extremely grateful for your generosity and friendship. Application Components. Top 1% Rank by size. 92. People think that law schools want to Instructions. A Tall LSAT Tally. Harvard Law School has the largest class size of any law school ranked in the top 150 with approximately 560 students per Harvard is probably one of the most numbers-driven schools. Aug 26, 2022 · Make sure you know the school’s admissions requirements and be prepared to meet them. Then, it will discuss the intent to create legal relations, legality and morality, and the distinction between gifts and bargains. May 12, 2023 · Stanford Law School in California followed closely with a 7% acceptance rate – 336 of 4,882 applicants were admitted. The application deadline for Harvard Law School is Feb. Law School is generally a grad program at most universities (I have seen a few undergrad ones but not many), and it is often a separate grad school at the university. As a matter of fact, as much as 12% of accepted The minimum passing score is set by each state, ranging from 75 to 86. 3, and the applications close on Feb. Understanding stereotypes, prejudice, and human behavior can be helpful for lawyers. Select the month you expect to apply. Jun 22, 2021 · To get into most law programs in the US, In 2018, Harvard Law School — currently third in the rankings — offered admission to just 12% of applicants. ” —Leslie Cornfeld ‘85, founder and C. Learn the exact steps to apply to Harvard Law School, the fifth highest-ranked law school in the country. How much do Harvard lawyers make? At mid-career Jun 19, 2022 · Let’s say the Apollo School of Law had 3 incoming students with LSAT scores of 153, 155, and 156. Admissions team is reflecting on our past admissions cycle. We also have some favorite questions we often ask prospective students to better Check out the sidebar for intro guides. Step Two: Reiterate the differing views or opinions involved and acknowledge the validity of both sides. First Round of Acceptances. I have a few friends with high GPA/LSAT and lack luster Applicants for transfer admission must meet the following criteria: Applicants have completed no more than one year of full-time study in a J. 93 [] Contact the Graduate Program. 90% of your app will be high LSAT/GPA. ). Learn about the application process, fees, deadlines, and requirements for regular J. , S. In its 2022 class profile, Harvard Law School reports the following LSAT scores for the middle range of admitted students on the LSAT: 25th percentile – 170. J. See examples of successful applicants and programs offered by Harvard Law. J. from another law school in the United States. Harvard students have a median GPA of 3. B. Oct 2, 2022 · If you want to go to Harvard Law School, you must have excellent grades as well as excellent test scores. According to Prep Scholar , To get a score that's competitive enough for Harvard, one would need a score of at least 1470, which is still generally considered as below average for their standards. If your family's income is less than $85,000, you'll pay nothing. Special programs to enrich or build on the J. Nov 28, 2022 · Here are a few tips on how to apply to Harvard Law School from India: 1. You can use the filter box to search for a school, click a column heading to sort your results, or hover over your estimated chances to see a tooltip of your admission probabilities by month. February 12, 2024. Admissions team is back in the office getting ready for committee meetings for our first round of acceptances. Now, if Apollo admitted 2 more students with a 151 and a 152, their incoming class now looks like this: 151, 152, 153, 155, 156. The median acceptance rate for law schools in the United States is 41%, with some institutions boasting acceptance rates surpassing 65%. During the upper-level years, students will pay tuition equal to the sum of (i) 65% of the then current Law School tuition and (ii) 40% of the Business School tuition paid in the students’ first year at HBS. Here is our expected timeline for the 2023–2024 regular J. (Master of Laws), The Doctor of Juridical Science (S. Find out what qualifications, GPA, LSAT, and other factors you need to get in, and how to stand out from other applicants. Apr 2, 2019 · The HBS MBA is one of the most popular Harvard University courses, ranked one of the top 10 MBA programs in the world. Hi guys! Today I'll be walking you guys through the Harvard Law School application process step-by-step. program (or one-third of the total credits required in a part-time program) at a United States law school. 5 GPA. Step Three: Explain the outcome and what you learned through it. Admissions strategy for candidates without the highest scores or grades, and how to frame a compelling application story given those circumstances. The best way to get in touch with the Graduate Program Office is by email. The 2022 class profile for Harvard Law School reports the following undergraduate GPAs for the middle 50% of the class: 25th percentile – 3. Veterans typically receive benefits through the U. The Graduate Program is interested in attracting intellectually curious and thoughtful candidates from a variety of legal systems and backgrounds and with various career plans. The application for Fall Term 2024 enrollment will be available through the Law School Admission Council (LSAC) website starting on September 15, 2023. . Start early The process of applying to law school can take up to a year, so it is important to start early. By perusal hard, working carefully to maintain elevated grades, and crafting engaging essays that paint the all picture of you, you can put forward a top-tier login worthy of sole of the best law schools in the nation. Sep 29, 2021 · If you’re aiming for Harvard, no doubt about it—you’ll need top grades, test scores, and a highly polished application (it’s ranked #3 in the country by US News & World Report, after all!). S. Someone at a Senior Position. Aim to be above a school’s 75th percentile with your LSAT score. See the dates and deadlines for the current cycle and the Junior Deferral Program (JDP) and Transfer pathways. Application Opens. 99 and the median is 3. But their weight isn't as significant unless you do something truly amazing (Rhodes Scholar, Fulbright, company C-suite, FAANG, MBB, etc. The most elite, hardest-to-enter law schools in the country: specifically Harvard, and additionally Yale, Stanford, and Columbia. , LL. 0 GPA but with a compelling story. Jun 20, 2023 · We hope that knowing admit dates ahead of time will allow you to plan for the coming year. Craft your application. Post any questions you have, there are lots of redditors with admissions knowledge waiting to help. The library makes every effort to provide its users with, at Jan 1, 2024 · Harvard Law School (HLS) has three main degree-bearing programs. With a low GPA, your LSAT score becomes all the more important. For admissions, financial aid, billing, and visa-related questions, contact gpquery@law. Updated. Harvard Law in particular is one of the top-ranked law schools in the United To apply to Harvard Business School, we ask you to assemble and prepare a variety of materials that will help us assess your qualifications. 0 or above, and 18% had GPAs from 3. Apr 28, 2021 · 5. 89. D. Feb 1, 2017 · Founded in 1817, Harvard Law School is the oldest continually-operating law school in the United States. On top of everything, competition to get into law school The LL. We make sure of that. HBS typically invites one in five applicants to an on-campus interview, Losee says, and of those interviewees, about half are Academics. 28. STEM applicants 5 days ago · Admission Deadlines: The deadlines for HLS admission for the L. If 20%/25% of the Harvard grads who apply to HLS get into HLS, then a far greater number of Harvard grads end up attending other law schools. Through your continued giving, we are able to attract the best and brightest law students, support world-renowned faculty shaping the present and future of law, and provide meaningful opportunities for our alumni to continue to inspire and be inspired by Sep 21, 2022 · With our 1Ls rounding out their first official month at Harvard Law School, the J. Aim for a 1580 SAT and 36 ACT (the 75th percentile) The middle 50% of Harvard’s class of 2025 earned SAT scores of 1480-1580 and ACT scores of 33-36. of the National Education Equity Lab For many first-generation college students and those with limited resources, law school can feel inaccessible. application cycle: September 15, 2023. programs are December 1, 2022, and April 1, 2023, respectively. 5 Crore over 4 years. You may pay the fee by credit card when you submit your application (preferred) or you may mail a check or money order Mar 17, 2024 · A great way to get insight into the admissions process and life at Harvard Law is to contact current students. You need other ways to set yourself apart. 5 5. Harvard costs what your family can afford. It is a three-year program, with a curriculum designed to reflect 21st-century law in the United States. Remember, all materials must be submitted to HBS online by the application deadlines. The MPRE score is scaled, meaning it’s scored on a scale of 50 to 150. Since 2019, we have announced our admit decision dates in the summer before we open our application for the year. r/lawschooladmissions. The University of Michigan—Ann Arbor Law School and the University of Jan 3, 2024 · 1. LSAT is the sine qua non of law school admissions. May 16, 2023 · Analyzing the Chances of Admission to Harvard Law with a 3. Aug 16, 2020 · I went to high school in Mumbai, and was the only one from India accepted to Harvard early admission my year! Here are a few tips and tricks for preparing yo Jun 26, 2017 · Here's what it takes to get accepted into Harvard: First, applicants would need to take the SATs (or LSATs for law) . In 2018, Harvard J. In 2019, it made the shift to rounds Tuition and Financial Aid Tuition and Fees. We are grateful to have met with various prospective students throughout our virtual Q&A sessions, forums, fairs, and conferences. It’s possible for Harvard to accept a student with a 3. Any score in the middle 50% is good, however, the higher in the range you score, the better your odds of admission are. The First Year Harvard Law School’s first-year curriculum provides students with a solid intellectual foundation on which to build their legal education, covering core principles and concepts, theory, and skills of legal practice and providing a thorough grounding in fundamental legal reasoning and analysis. While the challenges and opportunities Feb 1, 2024 · All LL. The course also investigates common pitfalls: one-sided promises, mistake, fraud, and frustration. Admission Requirements: International students are required to The Law School offers a Coordinated JD/PhD Program with the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS). Students almost uniformly reported that the simplification of the grading system (from the old system of A’s, B Financial Aid Application Overview. The Harvard Law admissions office will be happy to put you in touch with a student who will share their experience. E. Apr 18, 2022 · The Harvard Law School Alumni Center prepares annual updates on named scholarships created by donors to the Law School. Sep 17, 2018 · Every serious law school student dreams to attend one of the top schools like Yale, Columbia, or Harvard. students include lawyers working in firms, government officials, [] Sep 22, 2022 · Getting into Harvard Law School will test owner abilities academically and creating but the compensation is well quality the effort. D. You can also check Harvard’s official website. Turn your application in on time (or early). The Harvard application process involves a series of steps accomplished over a period of several months. 78 to 3. Harvard has long recognized the importance of enrolling a diverse student body. I don't want to say extracurriculars don't matter. <p>Now, it is clear that HLS has more students Jun 30, 2014 · And there’s another bonus piece of good news: If Junior can get in, he probably doesn’t need to work a job on the side. Use your highest LSAT score and your cumulative undergraduate GPA according to LSAC*. Get a good GPA. Harvard recommends that applicants aim for a length of 750 to 1,500 words, which should provide enough space to effectively communicate your message while still remaining concise and focused. Similarly, it’s possible for Harvard to reject a student with a 4. edu. The LL. First-year students take courses in civil procedure, constitutional law, contracts An integral part of law school admission, the LSAT is also the only test that helps prospective law students determine if law school is right for them. Admission Statistic. So let’s go over the list of Harvard University admission requirements one by one. Each year, the Alumni Center reaches out to students supported by named scholarships to request information to A great way to get insight into the admissions process and life at Harvard Law is to contact current students. By studying hard, working diligently to main high grades, and doing committed written that paint the full picture of yours, you can put forward a top-tier application worthy of ne of to best law schools in the nation. Students. HLS provides unmatched opportunities to study law and related disciplines in a rigorous and collaborative environment. Jun 28, 2021 · USD $24,000 per year (~ Rs. 9% acceptance rate in 2019/2020 and a median LSAT score of 173. The application fee is $85. Your GPA still needs to be somewhat competitive with the median GPA. As a global library, its mission is to provide access to the world’s legal information. There is so much to piece together as you contemplate your law school applications. Some Harvard schools also have additional requirements such as resume, portfolio or interview. During the summer of 2022, for example, Harvard Summer School is offering a course for high school students called Law and Psychology. In addition to the tuition, it is good to budget around $30,000 per year for cost of living expenses and medical insurance. This includes the following five required short-answer questions, each with a 200 word limit. 5 GPA 3. Related. After all, who was I to think I could get into Harvard Law? If you’re too busy to finish this post, I’ll go ahead and give you the takeaway now: send in your transfer application! Sep 22, 2022 · Getting into Harvard Law School will tests thy abilities academically and creativity but to payoff is well worth the effort. Here’s what you need to know about how to get into Harvard Law in brief: Category. ), and the Juris Doctor (J. A full 60 percent of Harvard undergraduates receive financial aid, Faust Jan 3, 2024 · Step One: Clearly explain the situation—no need for extensive detail, just stick to the main facts. Our team welcomed admitted students to the HLS campus for the first [] degree from an accredited U. 84 3. ) </p>. According to College Data, 76% of the admitted freshmen in the class of 2026 had a GPA of 4. A high GPA is 3. 3. So yes, you'll need to attend undergrad somewhere first, taking the Pre Law track or pathway No student with a bachelor's degree or other first university degree from any other university, whether American or foreign, is eligible for admission to Harvard College. bachelor’s degree to be eligible to apply. O. and S. Several members of the Harvard History Department work in areas related or highly relevant to the law. 11 – 22 Lacs) – please be advised that this happens in the case of extremely talented students; typically, Indian families might need to spend INR 1. degree. In addition, Harvard had a 12. Oct 25, 2018 · Other than that, submit your GRE/SAT/GMAT score, TOEFL score, college/school marksheets, recommendation letters and personal statement. 50th percentile – 173. That said, you can get into Harvard Law School even if your GPA is 3. Oct 4, 2023 · If you want to learn how to get into Harvard Law School, the process starts with you earning the best grades possible during your undergraduate program. Mar 18, 2024 · Harvard Law School Acceptance Rate: 9. Jan 29, 2019 · Harvard Business School writes about who to get recommendation letter from, “This can be a former supervisor, a colleague, someone you collaborate on an activity outside of work. Let’s take a look at Harvard’s low acceptance rates over the years to gain a better understanding of just how competitive it is! Year. 50th percentile – 3. Additionally, the median GPA score of a student enrolled at Harvard is 3. D) program which is the one that this article focuses on. You can compare the acceptance rates and estimate how hard it is to get into Harvard Law School. The following serves as a preview of what you need to prepare. Find out how to submit your application materials, letters of recommendation, and test scores through LSAC and LSAC Credential Assembly Service. Harvard does not superscore standardized test scores but evaluates the The new grading system was based on a recommended, not mandatory, curve. GMAT or GRE test results. Through [] Jan 2, 2024 · Happy New Year! The J. Students interested in applying to the Junior Deferral Program during the current admissions cycle (summer 2024) must be scheduled to complete coursework and graduate from their undergraduate program by Spring 2025. score cutoff for white students to qualify for an invitation. Admission to Harvard Law, or any other law school, isn't restricted to its undergrads. The application fee is $85 (non-refundable). applicants to Harvard Law School. 9. 1 GPA often wonder if they have a chance of getting into Harvard Law School. For all other questions, contact gpinfo@law. Application Process: To apply for admissions, students are required to submit LSAC application along with a fees of 85 USD (6,623 INR). (Master of Laws) program is a one-year degree program that typically includes 180 students from some 65 countries. Department of Veterans Affairs, in addition to the Post 9/11 GI Bill® programs. M. 99. Complete the Harvard Questions with the Common Application or Coalition Application, Powered by Scoir*. Mar 17, 2024 · So here, a low GPA is 3. Program (2024-25 Overview. For families who earn between $85,000 and $150,000, the expected contribution is between zero and ten percent of your annual income. 0 GPA but with qualities that do not impress the Ivy League’s admissions officers. However, students who want to maximize their chances for admission and be best prepared for law school are encouraged to Apr 18, 2022 · Psychology. Of course, today's advice isn't just for prospective Dec 29, 2023 · Harvard College (Undergraduate degrees): $54,269. January 8, 2024. 2. How well a person knows you should take priority over level of seniority or HBS alumni status. Manning ’85, Morgan and Helen Chu Dean and Professor of Law. ’s minimum required score is 75. Jul 12, 2023 · It will provide an introduction to what a contract is and also analyze the purpose and significance of contracts. 9% acceptance rate in 2019 and a median LSAT score of 173, making the admission process more difficult. · A High Undergraduate GPA. Joint Degree Programs for J. You can call them at 617-495-3179, or email them at jdadmiss@law. L. Applicants attend a law school that is accredited by the American Bar Association (ABA). Fee: $73,440 per year. 5%. [3] Pay the application fee of $85, and check online to see the status of your application. (And this is assuming everyone at Harvard who applies to law school applies to HLS. 5% of its applicants. These scholarships are created by alumni and others who want to support HLS students with financial aid grants. NY and Massachusetts both require a score of 85. , abogado, or the equivalent) from a law school in another country. Harvard’s LL. During the first two years, students will pay full tuition at the school in which they are enrolled. harvard. The course will cover topics such as racial profiling, true and false confessions, and punishment and rehabilitation. Expanding exposure and opportunity is how we expand and diversify the pipeline into leading law schools, and the legal profession. From the development of the case method and the birth of clinical education to our ongoing curricular innovations, HLS has transformed legal education and set the standard for training exceptional lawyers and leaders. We will also waive the application fee if it presents a Nov 28, 2023 · But, as always, there are exceptions to the rule. Memorize your application & practice explaining your “whys”. Some law schools will accept tests other than the LSAT for admission. If you're applying for admission for a fall term early or for the regular admissions deadline, you need to turn in your application on time. Aspiring law students with a 3. Jul 29, 2020 · How to get into Harvard Law School, according to the chief admissions officer, students, and admissions consultants. Nov 2, 2023 · During the 15-minute virtual interview, we will ask you questions based on what we have learned about you from your application. Jun 8, 2022 · Additionally, I was mid-subcite for my 1L school’s law review competition. C. It received 8,393 applications and offered admission to 798 students. According to the reports, the average application acceptance rate in law schools is 44%, while it is only 7% for Harvard Law School. Program (2024-25) Closed September 5, 2023 December 1, 2023 S. The following steps are included in the admissions process: Research: Before applying to Harvard University, thoroughly research the Oct 14, 2018 · There are the general requirements: grades, LSAT scores, recommendation letters, and the elusive element of luck. T. The Harvard Law School Library is the largest academic law library in the world, with more than two million volumes in its collections and a full range of electronic journals and databases. You can compensate for your low GPA by crushing the LSAT. Program. Families who earn more than $150,000 may still qualify for financial aid. pl eq en ck vk ys rs tc am ed